What are El Niño and La Niña?

El Niño and La Niña are climate patterns in the Pacific Ocean that can affect weather worldwide and can also have global impacts on weather, wildfires, ecosystems, and economies. [...]

The Biological Productivity of the Ocean

Productivity fuels life in the ocean, drives its chemical cycles, and lowers atmospheric carbon dioxide. Nutrient uptake and export interact with circulation to yield distinct ocean regimes. [...]

The Global Flood Protection Benefits of Mangroves

Coastal flood risks are rising rapidly. We provide high resolution estimates of the economic value of mangroves forests for flood risk reduction every 20 km worldwide. We develop a probabilistic, pr[...]

Provisioning and Supporting Services of Mangroves

There are a number of tangible products that can be directly utilised and marketed from mangrove forests. [...]

Ocean Carbon Dioxide levels. An invisible time bomb?

Ocean Acidification is perhaps the most well publicised consequence of increased levels of carbon dioxide being absorbed by our oceans. But as the oceans also absorb vast quantities of heat from ou[...]

The Ocean Carbon Cycle

Without the contribution of oceans and coastal ecosystems to global biological carbon sequestration, today’s CO2 concentration in the atmosphere would be much larger than it is. But the uptake capac[...]

Blue carbon manual – Guidelines for estimating blue carbon stocks

Conservation and restoration of blue forests ecosystems has been increasingly addressed in international and national climate change mitigation policy and finance mechanisms. However, to date, countri[...]

Status and Trends for the World’s Kelp Forests

Kelp forests are extensive underwater habitats that range along 25% of the world’s coastlines, providing valuable resources, habitat, and services for coastal communities. They grow best in cold, nu[...]