Módulo 4
Blue Carbon Fieldwork
Módulo 4: Trabalho de campo sobre carbono azul
Como descobrimos nos módulos anteriores, o carbono azul refere-se ao carbono armazenado nos ecossistemas marinhos e costeiros, particularmente nos mangais, ervas marinhas e sapais. Estes ecossistemas são altamente produtivos e eficientes na captura de dióxido de carbono da atmosfera, através do processo metabólico da fotossíntese, e armazenam-no na sua biomassa e sedimentos sob a forma de matéria orgânica. A matéria orgânica particulada que provém dos ecossistemas terrestres ou marinhos adjacentes e que é transportada na coluna de água é também capturada e armazenada nos seus sedimentos. O carbono azul é um componente importante do ciclo global do carbono, pois ajuda a mitigar os impactos das alterações climáticas ao remover o dióxido de carbono da atmosfera.1.
Para compreender a importância dos ecossistemas de carbono azul na remoção do dióxido de carbono da atmosfera, é importante quantificar a quantidade de carbono armazenado nestes ecossistemas e as taxas a que é armazenado. Para tal, são necessárias avaliações no terreno para medir o carbono contido na biomassa e nos sedimentos dos ecossistemas de carbono azul.2.
A quantificação do carbono azul no terreno é uma tarefa especializada que requer conhecimentos e formação em métodos de amostragem ecológica e de contabilização do carbono.3 Esta tarefa é normalmente efectuada por cientistas. No entanto, existem iniciativas de ciência cidadã que visam envolver o público na recolha de dados sobre os ecossistemas de carbono azul.4, 5
Para ir mais fundo…
O carbono é um elemento que pode ser encontrado em duas formas, como carbono inorgânico e como carbono orgânico. O carbono inorgânico refere-se a compostos de carbono que se encontram em minerais como o carbonato de cálcio (CaCO3 ), na atmosfera sob a forma de dióxido de carbono (CO2 ) ou dissolvido na água do oceano sob a forma de dióxido de carbono (CO2 ), bicarbonato (HCO3– ) e carbonato (CO32- ). O CO atmosférico ou oceânico2 é convertido em carbono orgânico (fosfoglicerato, C H O377 P) por organismos fotossintéticos. As plantas dos mangais e dos sapais utilizam o CO atmosférico2 enquanto as ervas marinhas utilizam o CO dissolvido2 . O fosfoglicerato é o precursor de toda a matéria orgânica, que inclui muitos compostos como os açúcares, os lípidos, os ácidos nucleicos e as proteínas.
Quando falamos de carbono azul, referimo-nos à quantidade de carbono orgânico na biomassa de plantas vivas de mangais, sapais ou ervas marinhas, e na matéria orgânica que está enterrada no sedimento (microrganismos e restos de plantas e animais). Nos sapais e nas ervas marinhas, a principal reserva de carbono azul encontra-se no sedimento porque as plantas são pequenas, ao passo que a reserva de carbono azul na biomassa viva das árvores dos mangais é muito mais elevada.
Note-se que as algas, as florestas marinhas compostas por grandes algas castanhas, também armazenam quantidades importantes de carbono orgânico. Estas algas marinhas crescem em substratos duros 1 a 25 metros abaixo da superfície do oceano e, portanto, não armazenam carbono em sedimentos como outras florestas azuis. Em vez disso, as algas armazenam temporariamente o carbono na sua biomassa viva, com fragmentos de algas – conhecidos como detritos – que acabam por chegar ao fundo do mar, onde este carbono pode ser armazenado durante centenas de anos. A ciência em torno da capacidade de armazenamento de carbono a longo prazo das kelps é controversa e altamente complexa devido à variabilidade e dificuldade de medição destas reservas de carbono azul. Por esta razão, este módulo não incluirá protocolos sobre como medir o carbono azul nas algas.
Teste os seus conhecimentos!
- Quais são as duas formas de carbono mencionadas no texto?
- O que é o carbono inorgânico e onde pode ser encontrado?
- Como é que o CO2 atmosférico ou oceânico é convertido em carbono orgânico?
- Que plantas utilizam o CO2 atmosférico , e quais utilizam o CO2 dissolvido ?
- Qual é o precursor de toda a matéria orgânica?
- Onde se encontra a principal reserva de carbono azul nos sapais e nas ervas marinhas?
- Como é que a reserva de carbono azul na biomassa viva das árvores dos mangais se compara com a dos sapais e das ervas marinhas?
Para quantificar o carbono azul na biomassa dos ecossistemas de mangais, sapais e ervas marinhas, é necessário estimar a densidade da biomassa, ou a quantidade de biomassa seca por unidade de área. Isto pode ser feito facilmente em ecossistemas de sapal e ervas marinhas, recolhendo material vegetal de uma área conhecida e pesando as amostras depois de secas até um peso constante. Para amostrar uma área conhecida, pode utilizar-se uma estrutura quadrada, conhecida como quadrat, ou um cilindro, conhecido como core, para recolher a sua biomassa. A estimativa da densidade de biomassa de uma floresta de mangue só é possível utilizando equações alométricas, ou seja, equações que relacionam o diâmetro, altura e/ou volume das árvores com a biomassa. Existem diferentes equações alométricas disponíveis para diferentes espécies de mangue e regiões.
Após a aquisição das amostras, o teor de carbono da biomassa deve ser medido com um analisador CHN (carbono, hidrogénio e azoto). O equipamento queima a amostra a alta temperatura e a mistura gasosa resultante é separada em componentes individuais de carbono, hidrogénio e azoto, que são depois detectados e quantificados. Uma forma alternativa consiste em utilizar um fator de conversão que relaciona a biomassa com o teor de carbono. O fator de conversão pode depender da espécie em questão.
Para quantificar o carbono azul armazenado nos sedimentos, é possível medir diretamente o carbono orgânico das amostras de solo com um analisador CHN ou medir a matéria orgânica e utilizar um fator de conversão que relacione a matéria orgânica com o teor de carbono. Existe um método fácil para estimar o teor de matéria orgânica, denominado perda na ignição (LOI). Este método consiste em aquecer amostras de sedimentos a uma temperatura elevada para queimar a matéria orgânica (que é convertida em carbono gasoso, ou seja, dióxido de carbono) e depois pesar as cinzas restantes. A diferença de peso entre a amostra original e as cinzas representa a quantidade de matéria orgânica, que pode ser convertida em carbono orgânico através de um fator de conversão.
Pode aceder ao protocolo do carbono azul sedimentar nos recursos do módulo aqui. Este serve como um guia valioso para mergulhar no fascinante domínio do carbono azul e obter informações sobre a avaliação dos sedimentos costeiros.
Teste os seus conhecimentos!
- O que é que precisamos de medir para quantificar o carbono azul nas plantas?
- Como podemos medir a quantidade de material vegetal nos sapais e nas ervas marinhas?
- Como podemos estimar a quantidade de material vegetal nos mangais?
- Como podemos medir a quantidade de carbono presente no material vegetal?
- Como é que podemos medir o carbono azul armazenado nos sedimentos?
- O que é o método de “perda na ignição” e como é que ele nos ajuda a estimar a quantidade de matéria orgânica no sedimento?
Para ir mais fundo…
Novo manual para medir, avaliar e analisar o carbono azul costeiro.
Os cidadãos podem certamente contribuir para a contabilização do carbono azul, efectuando avaliações de campo do carbono azul seguindo um protocolo científico normalizado e depois de receberem formação de profissionais. Neste módulo, apresentamos um protocolo de medição do carbono azul sedimentar a ser realizado por professores e seus alunos. Esta iniciativa teve início no âmbito de uma rede de educação ambiental para os serviços dos ecossistemas costeiros, estabelecida na região do Algarve, sul de Portugal, por investigadores do Grupo de Investigação em Ecologia Vegetal Marinha do Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve, em conjunto com escolas locais, ONGs e Centros de Educação Ambiental.
Clique aqui para saber mais e aceder ao artigo, “Literacia dos Oceanos para Integrar o Conceito de Serviços Ecossistémicos na Educação Formal e Informal: O Exemplo dos Ecossistemas Costeiros do Sul de Portugal”.
Foram realizados vários exemplos de projectos científicos de carbono azul orientados para os cidadãos em vários locais do mundo. Eis alguns exemplos dignos de nota:
- “Seagrass Watch”: O Seagrass Watch é um programa global de ciência cidadã que dá formação a voluntários para monitorizarem os prados de ervas marinhas nas suas áreas locais. As pradarias de ervas marinhas são importantes ecossistemas de carbono azul, e a monitorização da sua saúde e extensão pode fornecer dados valiosos para os esforços de investigação e conservação.
- “Mangrove Watch“: O Mangrove Watch é um programa de ciência cidadã centrado na monitorização e gestão dos ecossistemas de mangais na Austrália e noutros países. Os mangais são importantes ecossistemas de carbono azul, e o programa fornece formação e recursos para que os voluntários recolham dados sobre a saúde e a extensão das florestas de mangais.
- “Laboratório de Carbono Azul“: O Blue Carbon Lab é um projeto de ciência cidadã centrado na recolha de dados sobre os ecossistemas de carbono azul na Austrália. Os voluntários são formados para recolher dados sobre pradarias de ervas marinhas, pântanos salgados e outros ecossistemas costeiros, que podem ser utilizados para informar os esforços de conservação e recuperação.
Para ir mais fundo…
- Veja mais sobre o uso da ciência cidadã para estimar os estoques de carbono azul do solo superficial em Great British saltmarshes citizen science.6
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- Identificar a área de estudo: Determinar a localização e a extensão da área que pretende avaliar em termos de carbono azul. Isto pode incluir mangais, ervas marinhas e sapais.
- Selecionar o método de amostragem: Escolha um método adequado para a amostragem do ecossistema de carbono azul. Existem vários métodos disponíveis, incluindo a amostragem de núcleos.
- Recolher os dados: Depois de ter selecionado o método de amostragem, pode começar a recolher os dados necessários. Isto pode envolver a recolha de amostras de sedimentos, a medição da profundidade da água ou a realização de medições do coberto vegetal. Para mais informações, consulte o “Protocolo Carbono Azul” nos recursos.
- Analisar os dados: Depois de recolher os dados, terá de os analisar para determinar a quantidade de carbono armazenado no ecossistema. Isto pode envolver a análise laboratorial de amostras de sedimentos.
- Interpretar os resultados: Depois de analisar os dados, pode interpretar os resultados para compreender a capacidade de armazenamento de carbono do ecossistema de carbono azul. Também pode usar os resultados para identificar áreas para conservação ou restauração.
- Comunicar os resultados: Partilhe os resultados da sua avaliação do carbono azul com os intervenientes relevantes, incluindo funcionários governamentais, comunidades locais e organizações de conservação. Isso pode ajudar a aumentar a conscientização sobre a importância dos ecossistemas de carbono azul e informar as decisões políticas relacionadas aos esforços de conservação e restauração.
- Outras actividades podem incluir:
- Avaliações de habitats: Realização de avaliações de habitats para identificar áreas com elevada biodiversidade e potencial de carbono azul. Isto pode envolver inquéritos no terreno, deteção remota e outros métodos para determinar a distribuição e extensão de diferentes ecossistemas.
- Amostragem da biodiversidade: Recolha de dados sobre a composição, abundância e distribuição das espécies em diferentes habitats. Isto pode envolver a utilização de técnicas como inquéritos por transectos, contagens pontuais e armadilhas fotográficas.
- Amostragem de carbono: Recolha de amostras de sedimentos e plantas para medir a quantidade de carbono armazenado nos ecossistemas de carbono azul.
- Envolvimento da comunidade: Colaborar com as comunidades locais para aumentar a sensibilização para a importância da biodiversidade e dos ecossistemas de carbono azul, e envolvê-las nos esforços de monitorização e conservação.
- Actividades de recuperação: Implementação de actividades de restauração para aumentar a biodiversidade e a capacidade de armazenamento de carbono azul. Estas actividades podem envolver a recuperação de habitats degradados, a plantação de pradarias de ervas marinhas e a reflorestação de mangais.
- Análise de dados e relatórios: Analisar os dados recolhidos das actividades de amostragem da biodiversidade e do carbono e apresentar relatórios sobre os resultados. Isso pode envolver o uso de métodos estatísticos para analisar dados e apresentar os resultados em mapas, gráficos e outros formatos.
Ao combinar a amostragem da biodiversidade com avaliações do carbono azul, é possível obter uma compreensão abrangente dos valores ecológicos e de armazenamento de carbono dos ecossistemas costeiros. Esta informação pode ser utilizada para informar os esforços de conservação e recuperação, bem como para sensibilizar para a importância destes ecossistemas na mitigação e adaptação às alterações climáticas.
Ao organizar uma visita de estudo a um ecossistema de carbono azul, é importante garantir a segurança dos participantes e a preservação do ambiente. Não se esqueça de seguir todas as regras e regulamentos estabelecidos para as visitas de estudo e de promover a sensibilização para a importância da preservação do ecossistema de carbono azul.
O nosso objetivo é agora melhorar o protocolo de avaliação do carbono azul sedimentar e aplicá-lo a outras regiões e países para ser realizado por professores e seus alunos. O processo é educativo e cientificamente sólido, e pode fornecer conjuntos de dados que podem ser usados em avaliações científicas do carbono azul. Foi desenvolvido um Portal de Base de Dados Georreferenciados para carregar os dados obtidos, após validação científica.
Base de dados georreferenciada
Introduzir os seguintes dados na Base de Dados Georreferenciada:
- Data da amostragem
- Nome do sítio
- Coordenadas (latitude e longitude)
- Tipo de habitat (sapal alto, sapal baixo, ervas marinhas, mangais, não vegetado, outro_especificar)
- Espécies dominantes
- Volume da amostra (Volume = 5cm3 x 5 seringas = 250cm3 , ou caso contrário, se tiver sido utilizada outra volumetria)
- Pesos P1 a P6
- Teor de carbono (% ), se disponível.
Prepare-se para mergulhar no movimento do carbono azul e libertar o seu impacto na salvaguarda dos nossos preciosos ecossistemas costeiros! Juntos, podemos aprofundar o domínio do carbono azul e desbloquear o seu poder no combate às alterações climáticas. Vamos embarcar numa viagem emocionante de exploração, aquisição de conhecimentos e medidas pró-activas para cultivar um planeta mais saudável. Avance e aventure-se no Módulo 5.
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Commercial and recreational fisheries generate billions of dollars each year for the U.S. economy. In 2006, 9.5 billion pounds of commercial catch was valued at $4.0 billion. This value is enhanced by[...]
Seagrass ecosystems as a globally significant carbon stock
The protection of organic carbon stored in forests is considered as an important method for mitigating climate change. Like terrestrial ecosystems, coastal ecosystems store large amounts of carbon, an[...]
Blue Carbon Quiz
Test your knowledge on blue carbon ecosystems by taking this short quiz by the High Level Panel for A Sustainable Ocean Economy. [...]
Blue Carbon: The Role of Healthy Oceans in Binding Carbon
This report is considered a key document in blue carbon science. The objective of this report is to highlight the critical role of the oceans and ocean ecosystems in maintaining our climate and in ass[...]
Wetland Restoration Citizen Science Program
This short video presents the role of citizens for blue carbon assessment: the Wetland Restoration Citizen Science Program (Australia), also known as the Blue Carbon Army. [...]
Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework and 2030 Targets
The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework has 23 action-oriented global targets for urgent action over the decade to 2030. The actions set out in each target need to be initiated immediately [...]
Carbon Neutrality Roadmap 2050: Decarbonizing isn’t an empty word, it is a call to action
Video featuring Portuguese climate goals for 2050. Carbon Neutrality Roadmap 2050 – “Decarbonizing isn’t an empty word, it is a call to action”. Imagine it is the year 2050… desp[...]
Ecosystem Restoration Playbook: A practical guide to healing the planet
Healthy ecosystems are vital to meeting those goals. Restoring them is a massive challenge. But more and more people realize that we must change our ways and move urgently to protect and rebuild natur[...]
After 90% of California’s Kelp Forests Were Destroyed, SeaTrees Is Restoring Them
Video featuring a kelp restoration in California. “Could you imagine if 90 percent of the trees on land disappeared in 10 years?” Kevin Whilden, co-founder of Sustainable Surf and SeaTrees, lobs t[...]
Researchers Rush to Protect the UK’s Saltmarshes from Sea Level Rise
Saltmarshes sequester significant carbon in their sediment — more per hectare than tropical rainforests. They protect the land from storm surges and sea level rise, and they shelter a variety of bir[...]
Project Seagrass
Project Seagrass is a global facing environmental charity devoted to the conservation of seagrass ecosystems through research, community and action. [...]
The World’s Biggest Island Country Battles Coastal Erosion
We are experiencing a dangerous decline in nature: One million species are threatened with extinction, soils are turning infertile and water sources are drying up. But there are glimmers of hope: Made[...]
Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)
Nationally determined contributions (NDCs) are at the heart of the Paris Agreement and the achievement of its long-term goals. NDCs embody efforts by each country to reduce national emissions and adap[...]
United Nations Sustainable Development Goals
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015, provides a shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and into the futur[...]
Understanding the Role of Conceptual Frameworks: Reading the ecosystem service cascade
The aim of this paper is to identify the role of conceptual frameworks in operationalising and mainstreaming the idea of ecosystem services. It builds on some initial discussions from IPBES, which sug[...]
Atmospheric Carbon by Birth Year Calculator
How much carbon was in the atmosphere when you were born? [...]
Sustainable development, poverty eradication and reducing inequalities. In: Global warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report
An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response t[...]
On Defining Climate and Climate Change
The aim of the article is to provide a clear and thorough conceptual analysis of the main candidates for a definition of climate and climate change. [...]
Connecting to the oceans
Improved public understanding of the ocean and the importance of sustainable ocean use, or ocean literacy, is essential for achieving global commitments to sustainable development by 2030 and beyond. [...]
Tahiry Honko – a community mangrove carbon project
GRID-Arendal produced an update to this video originally created by Blue Ventures at https://vimeo.com/131638557 Learn how Madagascar's first mangrove carbon project is catalysing locally-led mangrov[...]
World’s first underwater climate strike calls for ocean protection
Young Mauritian scientist and climate advocate, Shaama Sandooyea, has held the world’s first ever underwater climate strike at the heart of the Indian Ocean. The protest took place at the Saya de Ma[...]
Restoration of seagrasses
This video shows seagrass meadows in Portugal that have been restored, and how this was made possible through the SeagHorse project. [...]
Blue carbon manual – Guidelines for estimating blue carbon stocks
Conservation and restoration of blue forests ecosystems has been increasingly addressed in international and national climate change mitigation policy and finance mechanisms. However, to date, countri[...]
Blue Carbon Protocol
The Blue Carbon Protocol outlines how to perform a carbon assessment, from sampling in the field to the lab analysis. The Blue Carbon Protocol outlines how to perform a carbon assessment from sampling[...]
Blue Carbon Protocol
The Blue Carbon Protocol outlines how to perform a carbon assessment, from sampling in the field to the lab analysis. The Blue Carbon Protocol outlines how to perform a carbon assessment from sampling[...]
NASA and Mangroves
Mangroves are coastal ecosystems that provide important services to coastal populations. They offer natural protection against storm surges, hurricanes and tsunamis. Mangroves also contribute to fish[...]
Mangroves: A Super Solution
Mangroves are an amazing #ClimateAction Super Solution, they are effective carbon sinks, storing four times more CO2 than rainforests. And when it comes to storm protection and sea level rise, mang[...]
Blue Carbon Offsetting for Community Benefits in Kenya
James Kairo and Salim Abdalla from Mikoko Pamoja talk about their community-based mangrove carbon offset project in Kenya. This blue solution focuses on climate change mitigation and awareness creatio[...]
Recognizing Ecosystem Services from Blue Carbon Ecosystems
Infographic illustrates the recognition of ecosystem services from Blue Carbon ecosystems through ecosystem connections. Infographic from the Abu Dhabi Blue Carbon Demonstration Project: https://grid.[...]
Blue Carbon Storage Capacity of Blue Forests
Blue Carbon ecosystems provide a highly valuable service by sequestering and storing atmospheric carbon. Infographic from the Abu Dhabi Blue Carbon Demonstration Project. https://grid.cld.bz/The-Abu-D[...]
Introduction to Seagrass Meadows
Introduction to Seagrass Meadows [...]
Introdução às pradarias marinhas
Introdução às pradarias marinhas [...]
How do Blue Forests Provide Coastal Protection Against Storm Surges?
Blue forests ecosystems like mangroves, seagrass, kelp, and salt marshes can help protect coastal communities against storm surge and coastal flooding by absorbing wave energy. This wave tank demonst[...]
Hvilken nytte har vi av blå skog?
Blå skoger gir viktige økosystemtjenester som fiskebarnehager og beiteområder, kystbeskyttelse mot stormer og erosjon, karbonlagring og mye mer. Se videoen for å lære mer om disse tjenestene so[...]
Why are Blue Forests Useful?
Blue forests provide key ecosystem services like fish nurseries and grazing areas, coastline protection from storms and erosion, carbon storage, and much more. Watch to learn about the many benefits[...]
A New Generation of Ocean Farmers are Reducing Pollution with Seaweed
Seaweed soaks up carbon and nitrogen, two pollutants lingering in the water. If ocean farmers devoted a little less than 5 percent of U.S. waters to growing seaweed, they could clean up an estimated 1[...]
Provisioning and Supporting Services of Mangroves
There are a number of tangible products that can be directly utilised and marketed from mangrove forests. [...]
Seagrasses, Nature’s Water Filter
In many systems, vegetated estuarine habitats such as salt marshes and seagrass beds act as a natural water filtration system—where sediment and nutrient-rich water flows in and cleaner water flows [...]
Protecting Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity
Ecosystem services are the engine of the environment. They are essential to life. Land, water, air, climate and genetic resources must be used responsibly if they are to also benefit future generation[...]
What Is Blue Carbon and Why Does It Matter?
Though terrestrial forests typically get most of the attention, they are not the only ecosystems that possess a natural ability to fight climate change. There are three coastal ecosystems that are als[...]
The Colors of Carbon
A full spectrum of colour-based descriptions has emerged to describe the properties and distribution of organic carbon: black, brown, red, blue, green and teal. This colour-based terminology contribut[...]
Hva truer blå skog i Norge?
Blå skoger forsvinner i et alarmerende tempo rundt om i verden, hovedsakelig på grunn av menneskelige påvirkninger og klimaendringer. Se videoen for å lære mer om de underliggende årsakene til [...]
Hva er blå skog?
Blå skoger – ålegressenger, mangroveskoger, tareskoger, tang og tidevannseng-og sump – er kyst- og marineøkosystemer som binder karbon og gir en mengde økosystemtjenester. Se videoen for å [...]
How are Blue Forests Threatened in Norway?
Blue forests around the world are disappearing at an alarming rate mostly due to human impacts and climate change. Watch to learn more about the underlying causes threatening blue forests, and how t[...]
What are Blue Forests?
Blue forests – seagrass meadows, mangrove forests, kelp forests, rockweed, and salt marshes – are coastal and marine ecosystems that sequester carbon and provide a multitude of ecosystem services [...]
The Magic of Seagrass
A toolkit to help raise awareness of seagrass — the ocean’s wild savannas. Use the Toolkit to help inspire seagrass protection and restoration [...]
The Magic of Mangroves
A toolkit to help raise awareness of mangroves — the world’s most important trees. Use it to help inspire mangrove protection and restoration. [...]
What are Mangrove Forests?
Mangroves are shrubs and trees that grow in coastal waters. Mangroves are halophytes, meaning they are salt-tolerant trees that thrive in intertidal conditions. These diverse and productive ecosystems[...]
5 “Blue Forests” That are Vital to Life on Earth
When you think of a forest, chances are you picture trees rising high above you, leaves crunching underfoot. But there are some very different types of forest – in and under the water – th[...]
Understanding Blue Carbon
Blue carbon refers to carbon dioxide that is absorbed from the atmosphere and stored in the ocean. “Blue” refers to the watery nature of this storage. The vast majority of blue carbon is carbon di[...]
What is Carbon Sequestration?
Carbon sequestration – the practice of removing carbon from the atmosphere and storing it – is one of the many approaches being taken to tackle climate change. Find out why this method is being us[...]
Kelp Deforestation: Threats to our Underwater Forests
Kelp forests are some of the most dynamic and ecologically productive marine habitats in the world. A root-like system called a holdfast affixes to the rocky seafloor, supporting a long stipe that ext[...]
The Biological Productivity of the Ocean
Productivity fuels life in the ocean, drives its chemical cycles, and lowers atmospheric carbon dioxide. Nutrient uptake and export interact with circulation to yield distinct ocean regimes. [...]
The Blue Carbon Initiative
Through this resource, readers can learn more about about blue carbon and how it contributes to mitigating climate change. [...]
Deep Sea Fun
What types of marine life can be found in the deep sea? This online exercise comes to you from Neal Agarwal. [...]
The Carbon Cycle – Essential for Life on Earth
Carbon is an essential building block for life. Learning how carbon is converted through slow- and fast-moving cycles helps us understand how this life-sustaining element moves through the environment[...]
Ocean Carbon Dioxide levels. An invisible time bomb?
Ocean Acidification is perhaps the most well publicised consequence of increased levels of carbon dioxide being absorbed by our oceans. But as the oceans also absorb vast quantities of heat from ou[...]
The Ocean Carbon Cycle
Without the contribution of oceans and coastal ecosystems to global biological carbon sequestration, today’s CO2 concentration in the atmosphere would be much larger than it is. But the uptake capac[...]
The Carbon Cycle
Carbon is the basis of all organic substances, from fossil fuels to human cells. On Earth, carbon is continually on the move – cycling through living things, the land, ocean, atmosphere. What happen[...]
Chasing a Global Coral Reef Bleaching Event
Coral reefs around the world have experienced the widest-spread, longest and most damaging bleaching event on record. The Ocean Agency, armed with custom-built 360-degree underwater cameras, raced aro[...]
Our Incredible Ocean
A visual toolkit to help raise awareness of the fundamental importance of the ocean to life on Earth, and help inspire ocean protection. This resource corresponds with the seven Ocean Literacy Essenti[...]
Global Carbon Atlas
An online interactive tool to explore and visualize the most up-to-date data on carbon fluxes resulting from human activities and natural processes [...]
Show your Stripes
This resource allows you to see the “stripes” of global warming in the planet or in your country. [...]
How Much Carbon was in the Atmosphere When you Were Born?
This resource allows you to see how the CO2 concentration has changed in the atmosphere since you were born. [...]
What is Ocean Acidification?
The term ocean acidification is used to describe the ongoing decrease in ocean pH caused by human CO2 emissions, such as the burning of fossil fuels. It is the little known consequence of living in a [...]
Why is pH Important?
pH is important for a wide range of industries from aquaculture to wastewater treatments that require an accurate pH reading, especially when it comes down to human safety. [...]
2020 Was One of Three Warmest Years on Record
The year 2020 was one of the three warmest on record, and rivalled 2016 for the top spot, according to a consolidation of five leading international datasets by the World Meteorological Organization ([...]
Marine Life Cycles
Although at the surface the ocean can appear calm and quiet, in fact there is an enormous amount of life activity taking place, particularly at certain times of the year. [...]
How Does CO2 Affect pH In Water?
The amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in a solution is one of the many factors that determines the pH of water. When CO2 levels increase in water, the pH level drops, which makes the water become more ac[...]
What are El Niño and La Niña?
El Niño and La Niña are climate patterns in the Pacific Ocean that can affect weather worldwide and can also have global impacts on weather, wildfires, ecosystems, and economies. [...]Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals
The goal of SDG 14 – Life Below Water is to conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources. The UN has defined 10 Targets and 10 Indicators for SDG 14. Targets specify the go[...]